ABSTRACT: Previous investigations have revealed that a functional fermented orange beverage presented in its composition different phenolic compounds, which through in silico investigation demonstrated to have biological effects of therapeutic importance as antioxidant, gastrorepair, and anti-ulcerative properties. Thus, this study confirmed in vivo, through a model of EtOH-induced gastric ulcers in rats, the beneficial properties indicated by the in silico tests. Gastric ulcer was induced by EtOH (intragastric) and was treated after 1 h with fermented orange beverage with and without Menthapiperita extract (0.5 mL/100 g w.b). Omeprazole was used as positive control. Histopathological evaluation revealed that EtOH administration resulted in the formation of gastric ulcers due to the reduction of the mucus layer, presence of hemorrhage, and infiltration of neutrophils in the stomach tissue of rats, and only treatment with omeprazole was able to reverse these changes. Additionally, EtOH administration altered the gastric juice volume and induced oxidative stress in the gastric tissue observed through the increase in lipid peroxidation (TBARS), reduction in the levels of non-protein thiols (NPSH), and alteration in the superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity. The ingestion of the fermented orange beverage increased NPSH levels and reduced changes in TBARS levels induced by ethanol. These findings suggested that the fermented orange beverage has antioxidant effects, as pointed out by in silico studies, but not gastrorepair and anti-ulcerative effects.

RESUMO: Investigações anteriores revelaram que uma bebida funcional fermentada de laranja apresentou em sua composição diferentes compostos fenólicos, que através de investigações in silico demonstraram ter efeitos biológicos de importância terapêutica como propriedades antioxidantes, gastroreparadoras e antiulcerativas. Assim, o objetivo deste estudo foi confirmar in vivo, através de um modelo de úlcera gástrica induzida por EtOH em ratos, as propriedades benéficas indicadas pelos ensaios in silico. A úlcera gástrica foi induzida por EtOH (intragástrico) e tratada após 1 h com bebida fermentada de laranja com e sem o extrato de Mentha piperita (0,5 mL/100 g peso corporal). Omeprazol foi usado como controle positivo. A avaliação histopatológica revelou que a administração de EtOH resultou na formação de úlceras gástricas decorrentes da redução da camada de muco, presença de hemorragia e infiltração de neutrófilos no tecido estomacal de ratos, sendo apenas o tratamento com omeprazol capaz de reverter essas alterações. Além disso, a administração de EtOH alterou o volume do suco gástrico e induziu estresse oxidativo no tecido estomacal observado através do aumento da peroxidação lipídica (TBARS), redução dos níveis de tióis não-proteicos (SHNP) e alteração da atividade da superóxido dismutase (SOD). A ingestão da bebida fermentada de laranja aumentou os níveis de SHNP e reduziu as alterações nos níveis de TBARS induzidos pelo EtOH. Esses achados sugerem que a bebida fermentada de laranja apresenta efeitos antioxidantes, conforme apontado por estudos in silico, mas não efeitos gastroreparadores e antiulcerativos.

ABSTRACT The present study evaluated the effect of variation in the amount of total dietary fiber (TDF) in sow diets, provided from 74 to 114 days of gestation, on the digestibility of nutrients and energy during gestation, as well as productivity and metabolism during gestation and lactation. Thirty-three sows were used in a randomized experimental design. The amounts of TDF in three treatment diets were 156, 223, and 282 g kg−1. The daily intake of nutrients and energy was similar for all diets the entire period of gestation, differing only in the volume of ration consumed, which was 2.1, 2.2, and 2.4 kg day−1 (days 74 to 90) and 2.5, 2.6, and 2.8 kg day−1 (days 91 to 111) for the 156, 223, and 282 g kg−1 TDF diets, respectively. During gestation, the increase in TDF resulted in a significant linear decrease in the digestible energy and apparent total tract digestibility of dry matter, gross energy, crude protein, non-fibrous carbohydrates, and organic matter. During gestation, blood concentrations of protein and globulins exhibited a quadratic response to the amount of TDF in the diet, whereas cholesterol exhibited a significant linear increase. The productivity and reproductive performance of the sows during gestation and lactation or the birth weight of the piglets were not affected by the amount of TDF, but the average daily weight gain of the litter during nursing increased linearly with increasing levels of dietary fiber. Increasing the amount of TDF reduces the digestibility of nutrients and energy, without affecting the performance of the sows during gestation and lactation or that of the piglets at birth and increasing TDF during gestation improves the weight gain of piglets during lactation.

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o efeito de dietas com alto, intermediário e baixo teor de amilose sobre o desempenho, metabolismo glicêmico e lipídico em ratos. Foram utilizados ratos machos Wistar alimentados com rações experimentais elaboradas com grãos de arroz cozido das cultivares 'IRGA 417', 'IRGA 416' e 'MOCHI' com alto, intermediário e baixo teores de amilose, respectivamente. A produção de fezes úmidas e secas e colesterol HDL não foram afetados pelo teor de amilose dos grãos. Os animais submetidos ao tratamento com alto teor de amilose (IRGA 417) apresentaram menores consumo, ganho de peso e digestibilidade aparente, maiores umidade nas fezes e excreção de nitrogênio, reduzido pH fecal, concentração plasmática posprandial de glicose, colesterol total, triglicerídeos e peso do pâncreas e maior concentração de glicose no jejum e peso do fígado. A proporção amilose e amilopectina nos grãos afeta significativamente a digestão do amido de arroz no trato gastrointestinal, afetando alguns parâmetros biologicamente relevantes.

This research aimed at evaluating the effect of diets with high, intermediate and low amylose content of rice on performance, glycemic and lipidic metabolism in rats. Male Wistar rats were fed diets with grains of cooked rice of the cultivars 'IRGA 417', 'IRGA 416' and 'MOCHI' with high, intermediate and low amylose content, respectively. Wet and dry fecal production and serum HDL cholesterol were not affected by amylose content. The animals in the treatments with high amylose content ('IRGA 417') presented lower feed intake, body weight gain and apparent digestibility, higher fecal water content and nitrogen excretion, reduced fecal pH, lower postprandial blood glucose response, serum total cholesterol and triglycerides levels and pancreas weight, and higher fasting serum glucose concentration and liver weight. Amylose:amylopectin ratio significantly affects rice starch digestion in the gastrointestinal tract, affecting some biologically relevant parameters.

Devido aos escassos trabalhos brasileiros sobre a estrutura dos grânulos de amido, o objetivo desta revisão foi demonstrar os avanços atuais na elucidação da arquitetura e da estrutura química desse polímero. Muitas pesquisas sobre a avaliação da relação existente entre a estrutura molecular do amido e seu comportamento em algumas propriedades físico-químicas sugerem que diversas características estruturais, tais como teor de amilose, distribuição de comprimento das cadeias de amilopectina e grau de cristalinidade no grânulo, estejam intimamente relacionadas a eventos associados à gelatinização e retrogradação, como inchamento do grânulo, lixiviação de amilose e/ou amilopectina, perda da estrutura radial (birrefringência), supra-molecular (cristalinidade) e molecular e recristalização. O foco principal desta revisão foi a compilação de estudos a fim de obter melhor entendimento da estrutura e das características dos componentes do amido e sua relação com propriedades físico-químicas, principalmente no que diz respeito à gelatinização e retrogradação, as quais apresentam grande importância nutricional e tecnológica.

Due to poor Brazilians work on the structure of starch granules, the purpose of this review was to demonstrate the advances in current understanding of architecture and chemical structure of this polymer. Many studies evaluating the relationship between the molecular structure of starch and its behavior in some physicochemical properties, suggest that several structural features, such as amylose content, amylopectin chain length distribution and the degree of crystallinity in the granule, are closely related to the events associated with gelatinization and retrogradation as starch granule swelling, amylose and/or amylopectin leaching, loss of radial structure (birefringence), supra-molecular (crystallinity) and molecular order, and recrystallization. The main focus of this review was to make a compiler of studies in order to gain better understanding of the granule structure and characteristics of starch components and physicochemical properties (gelatinization and retrogradation) that could play a significant role in improving the quality of different food products.